An Introduction To The Languages Of The World Pdf Map
The languages of Africa are divided into six major: • are spread throughout,, the and parts of the. • are spoken in. • are spoken in and (,, ) and are used as in the (English), (), (), () and the current Spanish territories of, and the (Spanish). • are concentrated in the of and. • ( and non-Bantu) cover,, and. • (unity debated) are spoken from to and from to.
Open GIS Consortium. OpenGIS® Geography Markup Language (GML) Implementation Specification (Version 3.00). January 2003. 15 October 2003. Web Map Service Implementation Specification. MA, 27 November 2001. 15 October 2003.
There are several other small families and, as well as languages that have. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of, many of which are language isolates (see below). The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of vs. ) at between 1,250 to 2,100, and by some counts at 'over 3,000', alone has over 500 languages (according to the count of ), one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world. Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication.,,,,,,,,, and are spoken by tens of millions of people. Twelve (which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties) are spoken by 75 percent, and fifteen by 85 percent, of Africans as a first or additional language.
Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio, in newspapers and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered, only a few are at the national level. The declared 2006 was declared the 'Year of African Languages'. Clickable map showing the traditional language families, subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large:, and. Another hundred belong to small families such as (sometimes grouped within Niger-Congo) and the various families called, or the and language families mainly spoken outside Africa; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500 years ago, respectively. In addition, the languages of Africa languages include several and. The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the, the Nilo-Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic/Neolithic, the Niger-Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African hoe-based farming traditions and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern Wilton industries. Autocad 2010 Freeware Deutsch Englisch on this page. More broadly, the Afroasiatic family is tentatively grouped within the superfamily, and the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo phyla form the Niger-Saharan macrophylum.
Afroasiatic languages [ ]. Main article: are spoken throughout, the, and parts of the. There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 350 million people. The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the,, and the. The is uncertain.
However, its most extensive sub-branch, the Semitic languages (including, and among others), seems to have developed in the Arabian peninsula. The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afroasiatic family of languages that is spoken outside Africa. Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include (a Semitic language, and a recent arrival from West Asia), (Cushitic), (Berber), (Chadic), (Semitic) and (Cushitic). Of the world's surviving language families, Afroasiatic has the longest written history, as both the of Mesopotamia and are members. Nilo-Saharan languages [ ]. Main article: consist of a hundred diverse languages. The family has a speech area that stretches from the to northern and into and, with the along the middle reaches of the as a geographic outlier.
Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated, and among linguists, support for the proposal is sparse. The languages share some unusual, but if they are related, most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor. The inclusion of the is questionable, and doubts have been raised over the, and branches. Some of the better known Nilo-Saharan languages are,,, and the widespread, which includes the, and. The Nilo-Saharan languages are. Niger–Congo languages [ ].
Main article: The constitute the largest language family spoken in Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. One of its salient features is an elaborate system with grammatical. A large majority of languages of this family are such as and, and. A major branch of Niger–Congo languages is the phylum, which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family (see Niger–Congo B (Bantu) in the map above).
The language family, joining Niger–Congo with the of south-central, was proposed in the 1950s. Today, linguists often use 'Niger–Congo' to refer to this entire family, including Kordofanian as a subfamily. One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger–Congo. Has been claimed to be equally or more divergent. Niger–Congo is generally accepted by linguists, though a few question the inclusion of Mande and, and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of. Other language families [ ] Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent. Austronesian [ ] belongs to the family.
It is the national language of. Indo-European [ ] is, as is most of the vocabulary of most African. Afrikaans evolved from the of () spoken by the mainly of what is now, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century. Most Afrikaans speakers live in. In it is the and in and it is a minority language of roughly several ten thousand people. Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans. Since the era, Indo-European languages such as,,,, and have held official status in many countries, and are widely spoken, generally as.
( See and.) was once used in there from the late 1800s until World War I, when Britain and France took over and revoked German's official status. Despite this, German is still spoken in, mostly among the. Although it lost its official status in the 1990s, it has been redesignated as a national language. Such as are spoken by expatriates exclusively.
You Cannot Serialize Or Unserialize Pdo Instances Doctrine. In earlier historical times, other Indo-European languages could be found in various parts of the continent, such as and in Egypt, and in North Africa and in the. Small families [ ] The three small families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family.
In addition, there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families. (The questionable branches of Nilo-Saharan were covered above, and are not repeated here.) •, some 70 languages, including the major languages of and. These are generally thought to be divergent Niger–Congo, but debate persists. •, some 70 languages, centered on the languages of the; may be Niger–Congo •, around 10 languages, the primary family of Khoisan languages of and •, an isolate of Tanzania, possibly related to Khoe •, a language of Southern Africa •, or Taa-ǃKwi, two surviving languages •, an isolate of Tanzania •, a likely isolate of Mali •, a likely isolate of Nigeria •, a possible isolate of Chad is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000–400,000 people. There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other:, and, which are found mainly in and, as well as and of, which are.
A striking feature of Khoisan languages, and the reason they are often grouped together, is their use of. Some neighbouring Bantu languages (notably and ) have clicks as well, but these were adopted from Khoisan languages. The Khoisan languages are also. Creole languages [ ] Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past, a substantial proportion of the world's are to be found in Africa. Some are based on Indo-European languages (e.g. From English in and the very similar in and parts of; in and in and, both from Portuguese; in the and in, both from French); some are based on Arabic (e.g.
In the southern, or in parts of and ); some are based on local languages (e.g., the main language of the ); while in a creole based on French, English and local African languages known as has started to become popular. Unclassified languages [ ]. See also: Many African countries have national sign languages, such as,,.
Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages, such as in. Tanzania has seven, one for each of its schools for the Deaf, all of which are discouraged. Not much is known, since little has been published on these languages Sign language systems extant in Africa include the used in Namibia and, the languages used in and, the languages used across the Arab Mideast, the languages used in and other areas such as and, and the languages used in. Language in Africa [ ] Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact, language expansion, language shift and language death. A case in point is the, in which Bantu-speaking peoples expanded over most of, displacing Khoi-San speaking peoples from much of and and other peoples from. Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century, which led to the extension of from its homeland in Asia, into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Are another age-old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape.
Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication (). Of particular importance in this respect are (North and West Africa), (western West Africa), (West Africa), (West Africa), (Congo), (Southeast Africa), (Horn of Africa) and (North Africa and Horn of Africa). After gaining independence, many African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language, generally the former colonial language, to be used in government and education.
However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism. Official Languages [ ].